armament imbalances match and mismatch in plant-pollinator traits of highly specialized long-spurred orchids武器失衡plant-pollinator特征匹配和不匹配的高度专业化long-spurred兰花.pdfVIP

Armament Imbalances: Match and Mismatch in Plant- Pollinator Traits of Highly Specialized Long-Spurred Orchids ´ 1 2 1 1 3 Marcela More , Felipe W. Amorim *, Santiago Benitez-Vieyra , A. Martin Medina , Marlies Sazima , Andrea A. Cocucci1 ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ 1 Laboratorio de Ecologıa Evolutiva y Biologıa Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologıa Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientıficas y Tecnicas - ´ ´ ´ ˜ Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina, 2 Programa de Pos-Graduac¸ao em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, ˜ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil, 3 Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, ˜ Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil Abstract Background: Some species of long-spurred orchids achieve pollination by a close association with long-tongued hawkmoths. Among them, several Habenaria species present specialized mechanisms, where pollination success depends on the attachment of pollinaria onto the heads of hawkmoths with very long proboscises. However, in the Neotropical region such moths are less abundant than their shorter-tongued relatives and are also prone to population fluctuations. Both factors may give rise to differences in pollinator-mediated selection on flora