carbon dioxide inhalation induces dose-dependent and age-related negative affectivity二氧化碳吸入诱导剂量依赖性和与年龄相关的负面情感作用.pdfVIP

Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Induces Dose-Dependent and Age-Related Negative Affectivity 1,2 1 1 1 1 Eric J. Griez *, Alessandro Colasanti , Rob van Diest , Ewa Salamon , Koen Schruers 1 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, United States of America Background. Carbon dioxide inhalation is known to induce an emotion similar to spontaneous panic in Panic Disorder patients. The affective response to carbon dioxide in healthy subjects was not clearly characterized yet. Methodology/ Principal Findings. Sixty-four healthy subjects underwent a double inhalation of four mixtures containing respectively 0, 9, 17.5 and 35% CO2 in compressed air, following a double blind, cross-over, randomized design. Affective responses were assessed according to DSM IV criteria for panic, using an Electronic Visual Analogue Scale and the Panic Symptom List. It was demonstrated that carbon dioxide challenges induced a dose dependent negative affect (p,0.0001). This affect was semantically identical to the DSM IV definition of panic. Older individuals were subjectively less sensitive to Carbon Dioxide (p,0.05). Conclusions/Significance. CO2 induced affectivity may lay on a continuum with pathological panic attacks. Consistent with earlier suggestions that panic is a false biological alarm, the affective response to CO2 may be part of a protective system triggered by suffocation and acute metabolic distress. Citation: Griez EJ, Colasanti A, van Diest R, Salamon E, Schruers K (2007) Carbon Di