整体水平的代谢调节.ppt

Metabolism（代谢）: The entire set of enzymecatalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism ATP (adenosine triphosphate)（三磷酸腺苷）: A ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate functioning as a phosphate group donor in the cell energy cycle; carries chemical energy between metabolic pathways by serving as a shared intermediate coupling endergonic and exergonic reactions. The liver is the central distributing and processing organ for nutriment. The large amount of nutriment produced in digestion cross the intestinal epithelium and enters the blood, which carries them to the liver, and then it is being processed in the liver. For example, fatty acids may be converted by the liver into other triacylglycerols, cholesterol, or plasma lipoproteins for transport to and storage in adipose tissue. They may also be oxidized to yield ATP, and to form ketone bodies to be circulated to other tissues. There are three hierarchies in Metabolism regulations, which are: 1) metabolism regulation in the cell level, 2) hormone regulation of metabolism, and 3) the whole regulation by central neural system. Metabolism regulation in the cell level is executed through changing the activities of key enzymes. Virtually every biochemical reaction is catalyzed by enzymes. ? 细胞水平的代谢调节主要是酶水平的调节。 ? 细胞内酶呈隔离分布。 ? 代谢途径的速度、方向由其中的关键酶(key enzyme)的活性决定。 ? 代谢调节主要是通过对关键酶活性的调节而实现的。 Allosteric site（变构位点）: The specific site on the surface of an allosteric enzyme molecule to which the modulator or effector molecule is bound. Allosteric enzyme（变构酶）: A regulatory enzyme, with catalytic activity modulated by the noncovalent binding of a specific metabolite at a site other than the active site. Feedback inhibition（反馈抑制）: Inhibition of an allosteric enzyme at the beginning of a metabolic sequence by the end product of the sequence, also known as end-product inhibition. In feedback inhibition, the end product of a pathway inhibits the first enzyme of that pathway. The activity o