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Metal and ceramic matrices: new composite materials Introduction In the case of materials subjected to mechanical loads, the use of composite materials has improved the properties by using substances that would theoretically not be present in a conventional material at the same time or at least in the required form, according to traditional implementation methods by the laws of equilibrium and chemical kinetics. This increase in the number of degrees of freedom for the material heralds new possibilities (e.g.anisotropy, material gradient,and so on) as well as a new set of challenges, such as questions relating to material compatibility and stability. These issues may restrict the number of choices available, but this obstacle can be overcome in time in light of the development of new fabrication methods (additive manufacturing, friction stir welding, etc.). In principle, composite materials are not necessarily limited to the aviation and transport industries, where maximising the specific stiffness-to-weight ratio is essential. However, the high cost of such materials reduces their use in applications where material and fabrication costs are mission-critical, such as in civil engineering and, to a lesser extent, mechanical engineering. A noticeable change is currently sweeping the composites sector. Whereas research from the 1950s to the 1980s focused on the development and use of polymer matrices reinforced with glass, carbon and aramid fibres, efforts are increasingly being made to develop alternatives, such as the choice of materials and fabrication method, which are closely related to the theoretical properties actually obtained and their dispersion. Non-polymer matrix composites This section describes the alternatives to resin and thermoplastic matrices. The properties of metal and ceramic matrices are also likely