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AP Chemistry Unit 4 – Molecular Structure：AP化学单元4–分子结构
AP Chemistry Unit 4 – Molecular Structure Lesson 7 – Hybridization Book Section: 9.4-9.5 Overlap and Bonding We can think of covalent bonds forming through the sharing of electrons by adjacent atoms. In such an approach this can only occur when orbitals on the two atoms overlap. Overlap and Bonding Increased overlap brings the electrons and nuclei closer together while simultaneously decreasing electron-electron repulsion. However, if atoms get too close, the internuclear repulsion greatly raises the energy. Hybrid Orbitals But it’s hard to imagine tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and other geometries arising from the atomic orbitals we recognize. Hybrid Orbitals Consider beryllium: In its ground electronic state, it would not be able to form bonds because it has no singly-occupied orbitals. Hybrid Orbitals But, it if absorbs the small amount of energy needed to promote an electron from the 2s to the 2p orbital, it can form two bonds. Hybrid Orbitals Mixing the s and one p orbital yields two degenerate orbitals that are hybrids of the original ones. These “sp” hybrid orbitals have two lobes like a p orbital. One of the lobes is larger and more rounded as is the s orbital Hybrid Orbitals These two degenerate orbitals would align themselves 180o from each other. This is consistent with the observed geometry of beryllium compounds: linear. Hybrid Orbitals With hybrid orbitals, the orbital diagram for beryllium would look like this. The sp orbitals are higher in energy than the 1s orbital but lower than 2p. sp2 Hybrid Orbitals Using a similar model for boron leads to… sp2 Hybrid Orbitals …three degenerate sp2 orbitals. sp3 Hybrid Orbitals With carbon we get… sp3 Hybrid Orbitals …four degenerate sp3 orbitals. Hybrid Orbitals with d For geometries involving expanded octets on the central atom, we must use d orbitals in our hybrids. Hybrid Orbitals with d This leads to five degenerate sp3d orbitals… …or six degenerate sp3d2 orbitals. Hybrid Orbitals Once you know the
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