ARRHENIUS THEORY ACIDS and BASES - Green River …：阿伦尼乌斯理论的酸和碱-绿河….ppt

Chapter 18 Equilibria Involving Acids bases ARRHENIUS THEORY for ACIDS and BASES ACIDS: produce hydrogen ions (protons), H+, in solution BASES: produce hydroxide ions, OH-,in solution, NEUTRALIZATION: H+ + OH- ?? H2O Problems with Arrhenius Theory * H3O+: Hydronium ion rather than H+ * OH(H2O)3- present in solution, not OH- * Other substances also have acidic or basic properties Bronsted-Lowery Theory of Acids and Bases Acid – any substance donating a proton, H+ Base – any substance accepting a proton Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs: e.g. HF + NH3 ??? NH4+ + F- acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1 AMPHOTERIC substances have both acidic and basic properties. Mono-, di-, tri-,………. to polyprotic acids. Acidic versus nonacidic H atoms in compounds. For each of the following reactions, identify the acid, the base, the conjugate base, and the conjugate acid H2O + H2O ?? H3O+ + OH- H2PO4- + H2PO4- ?? H3PO4 + HPO42- H2SO4 + H2O ?? H3O+ + HSO4- H2PO4- + H2O ?? H3PO4 + OH- CO2 + 2H2O ?? HCO3- + H3O+ H2PO4- + H2O ?? HPO42- + H3O+ Fe(H2O)63+ + H2O ?? Fe(H2O)5(OH) 2+ + H3O+ HCN + CO32-?? CN- + HCO3- Bronsted-Lowery Theory: Acid and Base Strengths Proton transfers occur from a Strong acid to a strong base e.g. HCl + NaOH ? H2O + NaCl Weak acid to strong base e.g. CH3COOH + NaOH ? ?? Weak base to a stronger base e.g. HSO41- + HSO31- ? ??? Will a Reaction occur between….. a. HS1- and F 1- ?? b. HCl and ClO2 1- ?? c. HCl and ClO4 1- ?? d. HCl and HNO3?? Relative strengths of some Bronsted-Lowry acids and their conjugate bases Acid Base Strongest HClO4 ClO4- Weakest Acids H2SO4 HSO4- bases HI I- HBr Br- HCl Cl- HNO3 NO3- H3O+ H2O HSO4- SO42- H2SO3 HSO3- H3PO4 H2PO4- HNO2 NO2- HF F- CH3CO2H CH3CO2- H2CO3 HCO3- H2S HS- NH4+ NH3 HCN CN- HCO3- CO32- HS- S2- H2O OH- Weakest NH3 NH2- Strong