聚类和树--微阵列与的分子系统发育分析—2.pptVIP

Molecular Evolution;Outline;Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction;Early Evolutionary Studies;Evolutionary Trees: DNA-based Approach;Emile Zuckerkandl on human-gorilla evolutionary relationships:;Gaylord Simpson vs. Emile Zuckerkandl:;;Who are closer? ;Human-Chimpanzee Split?;Chimpanzee-Gorilla Split? ;Three-way Split? ;Evolution and DNA Analysis: the Giant Panda（大熊猫） Riddle;Evolutionary Tree of Bears and Raccoons;Out of Africa Hypothesis;http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Out_of_Africa.html ;Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans;The Origin of Humans: ”Out of Africa” vs Multiregional Hypothesis;mtDNA analysis supports “Out of Africa” Hypothesis;Human Migration Out of Africa;Two Neanderthal Discoveries;Two Neanderthal Discoveries;Carles Lalueza-Fox，2009;Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the phylogenetic tree of modern humans and Neanderthals, showing also the phylogeny of nuclear genes (the genetic tree). The three examples of nuclear genes, the language gene (FOXP2), the pigmentation gene (MC1R), and the blood group gene (ABO),occupy different positions in the diagram.;The Neanderthal - modern human connection? May 20, 2010 A sixty percent complete, “first draft” of the Neanderthal genome has been prepared by scientists with the Max Planck Institute in Germany and there is evidence there was interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans about 80,000 years ago in the Levant.? This announcement appeared in the journal Science on May 8 and has had a mixed reception. Colleagues of the Max Planck team are delighted so much progress has been made in defining the Neanderthal genome, so soon after the announcement, a few years ago, of the complete human genome but key figures in the fields of evolutionary biology and paleoanthropology question whether the complex statistical analysis outlined in the paper in fact supports the hypothesis there was interbreeding between the two species. The authors’ genetic analysis also challenges the “out of Afr