nanomedicine faces barriers纳米医学面临的障碍.pdfVIP

Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 3371-3416; doi:10.3390/ph3113371 OPEN ACCESS pharmaceuticals ISSN 1424-8247 /journal/pharmaceuticals Review Nanomedicine Faces Barriers Paul Debbage 1,* and Gudrun C. Thurner 2 1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 2 Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Paul.Debbage@i-med.ac.at; Tel.: +43-512-9003-71178; Fax: +43-512-9003-73170. Received: 31 August 2010; in revised form: 5 October 2010 / Accepted: 25 October 2010 / Published: 28 October 2010 Abstract: Targeted nanoparticles have the potential to improve drug delivery efficiencies by more than two orders of magnitude, from the ~ 0.1% which is common today. Most pharmacologically agents on the market today are small drug molecules, which diffuse across the body’s blood-tissue barriers and distribute not only into the lesion, but into almost all organs. Drug actions in the non-lesion organs are an inescapable part of the drug delivery principle, causing “side-effects” which limit the maximally tolerable doses and result in inadequate therapy of many lesions. Nanoparticles only cross barriers by design, so side-effects are not built into their mode of operation. Delivery rates of almost 90% have been reported. This review examines the significance of the