natural toxins for use in pest management天然毒素用于害虫管理.pdfVIP

Toxins 2010, 2, 1943-1962; doi:10.3390/toxins2081943 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Natural Toxins for Use in Pest Management Stephen O. Duke *, Charles L. Cantrell, Kumudini M. Meepagala, David E. Wedge, Nurhayat Tabanca and Kevin K. Schrader Natural Products Utilization, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA; E-Mails: charles.cantrell@ (C.L.C.); Kumudini.Meepagala@ (K.M.M.); david.wedge@ (D.E.W.); Nur.tabanca@ (N.T.); Kevin.schrader@ (K.K.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Stephen.duke@; Tel.: +1-662-915-1036; Fax: +1-662-915-1035. Received: 3 June 2010; in revised form: 15 July 2010 / Accepted: 26 July 2010 / Published: 29 July 2010 Abstract: Natural toxins are a source of new chemical classes of pesticides, as well as environmentally and toxicologically safer molecules than many of the currently used pesticides. Furthermore, they often have molecular target sites that are not exploited by currently marketed pesticides. There are highly successful products based on natural compounds in the major pesticide classes. These include the herbicide glufosinate (synthetic phosphinothricin), the spinosad insecticides, and the strobilurin fungicides. These and other examples of currently marketed natural product-based pesticides, as well as natural toxins that show