neurological disease rises from ocean to bring model for human epilepsy to life神经系统疾病从海洋带来人类癫痫模型.pdfVIP

Toxins 2010, 2, 1646-1675; doi:10.3390/toxins2071646 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Neurological Disease Rises from Ocean to Bring Model for Human Epilepsy to Life John S. Ramsdell Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA, National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC 29414, USA; E-Mail: john.ramsdell@ ; Tel.: +1-843-762-8510; Fax: +1-843-762-8700 Received: 29 April 2010; in revised form: 28 May 2010 / Accepted: 11 June 2010 / Published: 28 June 2010 Abstract: Domoic acid of macroalgal origin was used for traditional and medicinal purposes in Japan and largely forgotten until its rediscovery in diatoms that poisoned 107 people after consumption of contaminated mussels. The more severely poisoned victims had seizures and/or amnesia and four died; however, one survivor unexpectedly developed temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) a year after the event. Nearly a decade later, several thousand sea lions have stranded on California beaches with neurological symptoms. Analysis of the animals stranded over an eight year period indicated five clusters of acute neurological poisoning; however, nearly a quarter have stranded individually outside these events with clinical signs of a chronic neurological syndrome similar to TLE.