plant insecticidal toxins in ecological networks植物杀虫毒素生态网络.pdfVIP

Toxins 2012, 4, 228-243; doi:10.3390/toxins4040228 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Plant Insecticidal Toxins in Ecological Networks Sébastien Ibanez 1, Christiane Gallet 2 and Laurence Després 3,* 1 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Community Ecology Unit, via Belsoggiorno 22, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; E-Mail: sebastien.ibanez@wsl.ch 2 Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS 5553 Université de Savoie F-73376, Le Bourget-du-lac, France; E-Mail: christiane.gallet@univ-savoie.fr 3 Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine UMR CNRS 5553 Université Joseph Fourier B.P.53, 38041 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: laurence.despres@ujf-grenoble.fr; Tel.: +33-476635699; Fax: +33-476517942. Received: 9 March 2012; in revised form: 21 March 2012 / Accepted: 26 March 2012 / Published: 10 April 2012 Abstract: Plant secondary metabolites play a key role in plant-insect interactions, whether constitutive or induced, C- or N-based. Anti-herbivore defences against insects can act as repellents, deterrents, growth inhibitors or cause direct mortality. In turn, insects have evolved a variety of strategies to act against plant toxins, e.g., avoidance, excretion, sequestration and degradation of the toxin, eventually leading to a co-evolutionary arms race between insects and plants and to co-diversification. Anti-herbivore defences also negatively impact mutualistic p