regulation of virulence gene expression resulting from streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae interactions in chronic disease毒性基因表达调节引起的肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌nontypeable交互的慢性疾病.pdfVIP

Regulation of Virulence Gene Expression Resulting from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Interactions in Chronic Disease 1 2 2 1 Emily K. Cope *, Natalia Goldstein-Daruech , Jennifer M. Kofonow , Lanette Christensen , Bridget 1 1 2 2 4 McDermott , Fernando Monroy , James N. Palmer , Alexander G. Chiu , Mark E. Shirtliff , Noam A. Cohen2,3, Jeff G. Leid1 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America, 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Service, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 4 Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland–Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America Abstract Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the sinonasal cavity mediated, in part, by polymicrobial communities of bacteria. Recent molecular studies have confirmed the importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in CRS. Here, we hypothesize that interaction between S. pneumoniae and NTHi mixed-species communities cause a change in bacterial virulence gene expression. We examined CRS as a model human disease to validate these polymicrobial interactions. Clinical strains of S. pneumoniae and NTHi were grown in mono- and co- culture in a standard biofilm assay. Reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RTqPCR) was used to mea