regulation of water pollution from hydraulic fracturing in horizontally-drilled wells in the marcellus shale region, usa水污染的监管从horizontally-drilled水力压裂井在马塞勒斯页岩地区,美国.pdfVIP

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regulation of water pollution from hydraulic fracturing in horizontally-drilled wells in the marcellus shale region, usa水污染的监管从horizontally-drilled水力压裂井在马塞勒斯页岩地区,美国.pdf

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regulation of water pollution from hydraulic fracturing in horizontally-drilled wells in the marcellus shale region, usa水污染的监管从horizontally-drilled水力压裂井在马塞勒斯页岩地区,美国

Water 2012, 4, 983-994; doi:10.3390/w4040983 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Regulation of Water Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontally-Drilled Wells in the Marcellus Shale Region, USA * Heather Hatzenbuhler and Terence J. Centner Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail: heatherhatz@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tcentner@; Tel.: +1-706-542-0756; Fax: +1-706-542-0339. Received: 9 October 2012; in revised form: 16 November 2012 / Accepted: 22 November 2012 / Published: 4 December 2012 Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing is an industrial process used to extract fossil fuel reserves that lie deep underground. With the introduction of horizontal drilling, new commercial sources of energy have become available. Wells are drilled and injected with large quantities of water mixed with specially selected chemicals at high pressures that allow petroleum reserves to flow to the surface. While the increased economic activities and the outputs of domestic energy are welcomed, there is growing concern over negative environmental impacts from horizontal drilling in shale formations. The potential for water contamination, land destruction, air pollution, and geologic disruption has raised concerns about the merits of production activities