resilience, sustainability and risk management a focus on energy韧性、可持续性和风险管理关注能源.pdf

Challenges 2012, 3, 153-182; doi:10.3390/challe3020153 OPEN ACCESS challenges ISSN 2078-1547 /journal/challenges Article Resilience, Sustainability and Risk Management: A Focus on Energy Benjamin McLellan *, Qi Zhang, Hooman Farzaneh, N. Agya Utama and Keiichi N. Ishihara Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; E-Mails: zhangqi@energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp (Q.Z.); hooman.farzaneh.2v@kyoto-u.ac.jp (H.F.); utama.nukiagya.4c@kyoto-u.ac.jp (N.A.U.); ishihara@energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp (K.N.I.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: b-mclellan@energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-75-753-9173; Fax: +81-75-753-4745. Received: 1 May 2012; in revised form: 21 June 2012 / Accepted: 23 July 2012 / Published: 8 August 2012 Abstract: The natural and subsequent human disasters of March 11, 2011 in Japan have brought into focus more than ever the importance of resilience and risk mitigation in the construction of energy infrastructure. This article introduces some of the critical issues and discusses the implications of energy in alleviating or exacerbating the risks of natural disasters. Additionally, it presents a framework for considering the risks of energy systems from a broad perspective. The connection is drawn between design for sustainability and the risks associated with energy systems in natural disasters. As a result of the assessment, six criteria are proposed for energy systems to contribute to societal resilience in the face of natural d