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Harm Reduction Journal BioMed Central Review Open Access Substitution treatment for opioid addicts in Germany 1 †2 †3 Ingo Ilja Michels* , Heino Stöver and Ralf Gerlach Address: 1Head of the Office of the Federal Drug Commissioner, Federal Ministry of Health, Berlin, Germany (from 2006-2008: Shanghai/PR China), 2Bremen Institute of Drug Research, University of Bremen, Germany and 3Deputy Director, Institute for the Advancement of Qualitative Drug Research (INDRO), Münster, Germany Email: Ingo Ilja Michels* - ingoiljamichels@; Heino Stöver - heino.stoever@uni-bremen.de; Ralf Gerlach - INDRO@t-online.de * Corresponding author †Equal contributors Published: 2 February 2007 Received: 24 November 2006 Accepted: 2 February 2007 Harm Reduction Journal 2007, 4:5 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-4-5 This article is available from: /content/4/1/5 © 2007 Michels et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: After a long and controversial debate methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was first introduced in Germany in 1987. The number of patients in MMT – first low because of strict admission criteria – increased considerably since the 1990s up to some 65,000 at the end of 2006. In Germany each general practit