the ikk kinases operators of antiviral signaling抗病毒ikk激酶运营商的信号.pdfVIP

Viruses 2010, 2, 55-72; doi:10.3390/v2010055 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review The IKK Kinases: Operators of Antiviral Signaling Alissa M. Pham 1 and Benjamin R. tenOever 1,2,* 1 Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA 2 Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Benjamin.tenOever@. Received: 11 August 2009; in revised form: 30 December 2009 / Accepted: 6 January 2010 / Published: 8 January 2010 Abstract: The ability of a cell to combat an intracellular pathogen requires a mechanism to recognize the threat and elicit a transcriptional response against it. In the context of virus infection, the cell must take measures to inhibit viral replication, meanwhile, convey warning signals to neighboring cells of the imminent threat. This immune response is predominantly mediated by the production of cytokines, notably, interferon beta (IFN). IFN signaling results in the transcriptional induction of over one hundred antiviral gene products whose timely expression renders infected cells more capable of inhibiting virus replication, while providing the uninfected cells with the reinforcements to generate a less permissive cellular environment. Induction of IFN and many aspects of the antiviral response pivot on the function of the IKK and IKK-related kinases. Despite sharing high levels of homology