understanding lolium rigidum seeds the key to managing a problem weed理解lolium rigidum杂草种子管理的关键问题.pdfVIP

Agronomy 2012, 2, 222-239; doi:10.3390/agronomy2030222 OPEN ACCESS agronomy ISSN 2073-4395 /journal/agronomy Review Understanding Lolium rigidum Seeds: The Key to Managing a Problem Weed? Danica E. Goggin 1, Stephen B. Powles 1 and Kathryn J. Steadman 2,* 1 Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology (M086), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; E-Mails: danica.goggin@.au (D.E.G.); stephen.powles@.au (S.B.P.) 2 School of Pharmacy and Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: k.steadman@.au; Tel.: +61-7-3346-1886; Fax: +61-7-3346-1999. Received: 30 July 2012; in revised form: 31 August 2012 / Accepted: 14 September 2012 / Published: 24 September 2012 Abstract: The 40 million hectare southern Australian winter cropping region suffers from widespread infestation by Lolium rigidum (commonly known as annual or rigid ryegrass), a Mediterranean species initially introduced as a pasture plant. Along with its high competitiveness within crops, rapid adaptability and widespread resistance to herbicides, the dormancy of its seeds means that L. rigidum is the primary weed in southern Australian agriculture. With the individuals within a L. rigidum population exhibiting varying levels of seed dormancy, germination can be staggered across the crop-growing season, making complete weed removal