十六、否定（Negation）.pptVIP

十六、否定（Negation） 否定句在英语中一向占有很重要的一席之地，有一些句子只要动词加上not，即可构成否定句；有一些句子本身即含有否定词，如：no，neither，none，never，nothing等等。另外， 还有一部分句子含有seldom，rarely，hardly等词眼，虽然表面文字不是否定形态，但意思却是否定的。例如：seldom意思是not often，而scarcely（hardly）意思为almost…not/no。 1、否定句的形成 接上表 2、全部否定 A) 否定单数普通名词时要用not a，否定不可数的抽象名词、物质名词和复数普通名词用not any： He said he hadn’t any money. I have not any books. Note: 否定词not 用于否定疑问句中, 如果不用缩略形式don’t, doesn’t, didn’t 等，not 则置于主句后。如用缩略形式则置于主句前： Have you not traveled by sea before？ 对动词-ing形式和动词不定进行否定，否定词not 总是置于所修饰的非限定形式之前： The teacher warned the students not to be late for the examination. He apologized for his not being able to come. Not having seen him before, I didn’t know he was the professor I was expecting to see. 少数由not 构成的疑问句和否定句是习惯用法, 这是其否定意思弱化, 甚至消失, 实际上等于肯定： What have we not done？= We have done everything！ How often have we not seen him？= We have often seen him. B) no 可用作限定词，置于名词前，这时 no=not a / not any： He has no book. = I have not a book. He has no books. = I have not any books. Note: 动词用be 时，not 是一般句型，no…是强势句型： Tom is not a modest man. 汤姆不是个谦虚的人。 Tom is no modest man. 汤姆是个很不谦虚的人。 但是no 不能置于冠词前修饰名词： The drivers went on strike, but ___porters. a. no the b. not c. no others d. not the 告示用语中常用no + -ing 结构，意思是“不准许…” 或“禁止…”, 不能用not any 代替no： The notice said, “___ smoking in the waiting-room”. a. Not b. Not a c. Not any d. No 类似的句子还有 No parking. 不准停车 No thoroughfare. 禁止通行 C) nothing 做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。有形容词修饰它时，放在其后： There is nothing wrong with this machine. Note: nothing 常用于简略回答，一般情况下，回答以what 提问的问句： “What are you trying to hide from me?” “Nothing.” 但nothing 在特定结构中能从反面传达“最”的概念： There is nothing like frequent failure for teaching one caution. There is nothing I like so much as playing basketball. D) nobody, no one 做主语, 谓语动词要用单数形式。它们通常用单数代词来替代： Nobody / No one likes his friends to take advantage of him. 但是在反意