遗传学（双语）徐吉臣-第07章.pdfVIP

Chapter 7 Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 7.1 Bacteria growth 7.2 Genetic recombination in Bacteria 7.3 Plasmid and bacterial transmission 7.4 The genetic study of Bacteriophages 7.5 Intergenic recombination and mapping in Bacteriophages Reasons for research organism (1) Short reproductive cycles 大肠杆菌每20分钟可繁殖一代，病毒每小时可繁殖数百 个后代 (2) Can be studied in pure culture a specific clone can be identified and investigated independently (3) Single chromosome haploid, dominant (4) Small body a few μm, easy to process 7.1 Bacteria mutation and growth 7.1.1 structure of bacteria • 所有细菌都是比较小的单细胞，大约12μm长， 0.5μm宽 • 大肠杆菌(E.coli ) 染色体为一条环状的裸露DNA 6 分子，约含5×10 碱基对，携带3000～5000个基 因。 细菌的结构按分布部位大致可分为 表层结构: 包括细胞壁、细胞膜、荚膜； 内部结构: 包括细胞浆、核蛋白体、核质(DNA)、质粒及芽胞等； 外部附件: 包括鞭毛和菌毛。 • Nucleoid拟核 : DNA plus several types of DNA binding proteinsHU and H which positively charged can bond ionically to the negative charges of DNA 7.1.2 Bacterium types Prototroph(野生型): Bacteria can synthesize all essential organic components for growth requirement like wide type. Auxotroph(营养缺陷型): Bacteria loss the ability to synthesize one or more organic compounds, and have to rely on the supplement to the minimal medium for growth requirement like mutant type. Minimal medium （基本培养基）: a nutrient growth medium contains only of an organic carbon source (such as glucose or lactose) and a variety of ions as inorganic salts, in which bacteria must synthesize all essential organic compounds ( such as amino acids, sugars, vitamins, fatty acids). Supplement medium （补充培养基） 7.1.3 Bacteria growth Bacteria growth in liquid culture medium acquiring active bacteria for transformation Lag phase: slow growth Log phase: rapid growth, cell divide continuall exponen