古代交通中心.ppt

;The Silk Road The Great Wall;The Silk Road;The Silk Road is the greatest East-west trade route for cross-cultural exchange;it was first traveled by General zhangQian in the second century B.C.on a mission from Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (206B.C-A.D220),and gradually formed the old silk road .;The Great Wall;;;;;;; Later, the Han, Sui and Jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions. However, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu Sangui, the Manchus quickly seized Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty. Under Qing rule, Chinas borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs on the Great Wall were discontinued. ; 从春秋时代开始，我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。在从公元前5世纪至公元前221年的战国??期，秦、魏、赵、齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元前221年，秦始皇征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国，建立秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵，他下沿着整个国家的北部边界建立新的城墙，以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部分已侵蚀了数百年，只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长城由汉，隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理，改建或是扩建长城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在15世纪40-60年代，明朝修建了所谓的“辽东长城”。明朝末年，长城抵御了满清帝国入侵。然而，当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后，满族人迅速占领了北京，建立了清朝。在清朝统治下，中国的边界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古，所以建造和维修长城的工事被停止。 ;