南通高欣耐磨科技股份有限公司.pptVIP

Overview Gravitational instability: a mechanism to produce structure in proto-planetary disks Instability ? Spiral waves ? energy/mass transport (self regulation?) Non-linear spiral waves ? fragmentation Fragmentation ? rapid gas giant planets Alternative: Interplay between dust/planetesimals and gas structures dramatically modifies standard planetesimal picture Disk Stability Criterion Toomre Q parameter (gaseous disk) Toomre’s Stability Criterion : Locally Q 1 for a thin disk to be stable under axisymmetric perturbations (Toomre, 1964) QMIN 1.4 for a thin disk to be stable against fragmentation under non-axisymmetric perturbations (Papaloizou Savonije 1991, Mayer et al., 2004) Initial conditions Q 1.5 Requires a heavy, cold disk: Typically order 0.05-0.1 Msun ~ 10 times Minimum mass solar nebula (but within observational constraints) Temperatures: 100 K Further Limitations(Or: was QIC reasonable?) Are assumed initial conditions “natural” ? Effective cooling necessary for fragmentation: tcool 3/Ω (? = 2, Rice et al 2003), tcool 12/Ω (? = 7/5, Mayer et al) (cf. Rafikov 2005) Self regulation: will viscous evolution saturate instabilities above Q ~ 1.5? Ideal solution for proto-planetary disk sims: Model collapse to form star+disk Include full physics: MHD, radiation, dust, … Different regime for GI:Early Proto-stellar Disks High disk/star mass ratio 1:1 Lower surface density: optically thin Radiative cooling effective Highly flared Large sizes ~ 2-3000 AU Self-consistentDisk Density Profile Extended Disks:Modified expectations for Toomre-Q Toomre’s stability criterion for gaseous disk (Toomre, 1964) Finite thickness lowers critical Q to ~ 0.75 (Kim et al. 2001) Non-Axisymmetric modes Q ~ 1.1 Thickness of the Disk Resolution Matters…So Does Finite Thickness Isolated Disk Q = 1.3 Spurious fragmentation