空间科学与探测技术概论.ppt

* * * * * from /jmex/JMEX04.ppt JMEX provides Jupiter system observations for two 9-month periods within the 24-month mission lifetime Guest investigators will use JMEXs unique FUV and EUV capabilities when Jupiter is 45? from the Sun not selected. * * * * * * Hubble image. * * * * * NASA, ESA and John Clarke, Hubble. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * upper from wikipedia, David Stern. NASA.Stereo /mpg/111836main_what_is_a_cme_NASA%20WebV_1.mpg * * The aurora is now known to be caused by electrons of typical energy of 1-15 keV, i.e. the energy obtained by the electrons passing through a voltage difference of 1,000-15,000 volts. The light is produced when they collide with atoms of the upper atmosphere, typically at altitudes of 80-150 km. It tends to be dominated by emissions of atomic oxygen--the greenish line at 557.7 nm and (especially with electrons of lower energy and higher altitude) the dark-red line at 630.0 nm. Both these represent forbidden transitions of atomic oxygen from energy levels which (in absence of collisions) persist for a long time, accounting for the slow brightening and fading (0.5-1 sec) of auroral rays. Many other lines can also be observed, especially those of molecular nitrogen, and these vary much faster, revealing the true dynamic nature of the aurora. Auroras can also be observed in the ultra-violet (UV) light, a very good way of observing it from space (but not from ground--the atmosphere absorbs UV). The Polar spacecraft even observed it in X-rays. The image is very rough, but precipitation of high-energy electrons can be identified. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Time Dilation General Relativity Gravity and the Photon The relativistic energy expression attributes a ma