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What is Cardiac arrest? Cardiac arrest is the cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole. if the patient still has a pulse, respiratory arrest (the combined term cardiorespiratory arrest) is also used. lack of blood supply results in cell death from oxygen starvation. Cerebral hypoxia, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain, causes victims to lose consciousness and stop breathing. Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency that, if left untreated, invariably leads to death within seconds to minutes. The primary first-aid treatment for cardiac arrest is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Definition 是指对于早期心脏呼吸停止的病人，通过采取人工呼吸，人工循环，电除颤等方法帮助病人恢复自主心跳和自主呼吸的一种急救技术。 What is Electromechanical dissociation (EMD)-Pulseless electrical activity Refers to organized electrical depolarization without mechanical contractions, (persistence of electrical activity in the heart but there is ineffective cardiac contraction). The primary mechanisms are cardiac rupture, acute tamponade, global ischemia, acute MI, obstructing by intracardiac tumor or thrombus, and chronic heart failure,hypovolemia, hypothermia, significant acidosis,medication overdose (tricyclic agents, digitalis, betblockers,calcium channel blockers). Asystole Asystole is the absence of electrical activity on ECG, with absent perfusion, BP, and pulse. Causes include severe generalized myocardial ischemia, ventricular rupture, and hyperpolarization of cardiac cell membranes in severe hyperkalemia (serum K+ 7 mEq/L) or hypermagnesemia. Diagnosis Cardiac arrest strikes immediately and without warning. Here are the signs: Unconscious----- inadequate cerebral perfusion stopped breathing lack of circulation In many cases, lack of carotid pulse is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrest, but lack of a pulse (particularly in the peripheral pulses) may be a result of other conditions (e.g. shoc