土木工程 现有的建筑物上增加的雪荷载和风荷载效应 毕业论文 外文翻译中英文对照.doc

外文原文1 Increased Snow Loads and Wind Actions on Existing Buildings: Reliability of the Norwegian Building Stock Vivian Meloysund, Ph.D. ; Kim Robert Liso, Ph.D. ; Jan Siem ; and Kristoffer Apeland Abstract: Results from an investigation of snow loads and wind actions on 20 existing buildings in Norway are presented. The objective has been to investigate to what extent existing buildings meet current regulatory requirements relating to safety against collapse owing to snow loads or wind actions. Eighteen buildings have a utilization ratio of more than 1.0 under current regulations. The new design rules have led to most of the buildings investigated having reduced safety against collapse owing to snow and greater safety against collapse owing to wind actions than the regulations now demand. The investigation indicates too low reliability for a considerable number of buildings according to current building regulations when evaluating the possible consequences of the conclusions in a national perspective. Scenarios for future climate change indicate both increased winter precipitation and increased temperatures, and thus changing the snow loads on roofs. Wind scenarios for the decades to come indicate an increase in frequencies of strong winds in areas also exposed today. Thus, the future reliability of the buildings in these areas could decrease. CE Database subject headings: Bearing capacity; Buildings; Climatic changes; Norway; Reliability; Snow loads; Structural design; Structural safety; Wind loads. Introduction Background Large snow loads on during the winter of 1999/2000 led to the collapse of several buildings in northern Norway. The accident at Bardufoss Community Centre, where the roof caved in and claimed three lives, was the most serious of these accidents (Fig.1). The most important causes of this collapse were a faulty construction of the roof when the building was erected and larger snow loads on the roof than it was designed for. Principal Objectives and