英文文献参考及翻译.doc

原文： THE DISTRIBUTION OF PAYROLL AND INCOME TAX BURDENS, 1979-1999 Andrew Mitrusi James Poterba Working Paper 7707 /papers/w7707 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2000 1. Federal Income and Payroll Tax Changes, 1979-1999 There have been four major legislative changes in the federal personal income tax code in the last two decades. The payroll tax has also been changed several times, but the changes have been less dramatic than those in the income tax code. This section summarizes these legislative changes. 1.1 Federal Income Tax Changes, 1979-1999 There were four major federal income tax reforms during the 1979-1999 period. These were the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA), the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86), the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93), and the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA97). These reforms are described in detail elsewhere, for example Steuerle (1992), so with the exception of TRA97, we will not provide an in-depth summary. ERTA significantly reduced personal income taxes across-the-board. It incorporated a three-year period of tax reduction, with marginal rates on all but the highest income taxpayers declining substantially during the 1981-1984 period. The top marginal tax rate on earned income was 50 percent before as well as after ERTA, but the legislation reduced the top marginal rate on unearned income from 70 percent to 50 percent beginning in 1981. This reform also reduced the top statutory marginal tax rate on long-term capital gains from 28 percent to 20 percent. We consider tax burdens in 1984 in our analysis below, because by 1984 the ERTA reforms were fully effective. TRA86 continued the reduction in top marginal tax rates that had been part of ERTA, but it also eliminated the capital gains tax preference for most taxpayers. For taxpayers at the highest income levels, TRA86 reduced marginal tax rates from 50 percent in 1986, to 39 percent