环境生态学---第七章 资源与循环.pptVIP

G3 土壤形成、特性和分类 要 点 土壤形成 在陆地生态系统的底部是土壤：一薄层由生物和气候改造的地球外壳。土壤提供了栖息地，具有营养物传递系统、再循环系统和废物处理系统。土壤的研究称为土壤学。土壤中的有机体参与了栖息地的形成，是土壤形成中构成五个相互作用的因素之一；其他四个是气候、地形、母质和时间。土壤母质的开始居住者通常是蓝细菌，它能进行光合作用和固定氮。高等植物形成后，土壤变化过程的多样性产生了活的和死的细胞，和土壤有机物质（SOM）的动态混合物。 At the surface of soil is a litter of dead or rotting plant parts, with one or more distinctly different layers underneath. These layers have come to be called ‘horizons’. Soil horizons form as rotting plant parts mix with the upper layers of the mineral soil. The subsoil underneath is the earth from which the soil was made and is called the parent material. This layered appearance is called the soil profile. Soil scientists recognize three kinds of soil horizon above the parent material; the A, B and C horizons. Under these three groups of horizons is the unaltered parent material. These are known as R horizons. The soil profile is an instant indicator of important ecosystem processes. The soil profile 土壤剖面 土壤表面是死亡腐烂植物部分的枯枝落叶层，下面由完全不同的物质组成的一层或多层。这些层可叫做“层位”。土层的形成是由于腐烂植物与矿物质土壤的上层相混合。下面的亚土壤是土壤起始形成的地方，称为母质。这种分层的外貌叫做土壤剖面。土壤科学家认为母质以上的土层有三类：A、B和C层。这三层之下是不变的母质。这些以R层著称。土壤剖面是重要生态系统过程中一个即时指标。 土壤剖面 Related topics Succession (R1) Ecosystem patterns (S1) On a world scale, the great soil groups are the most easily mapped of any class in a soil classification. Color and banding of the soil profile distinguish the great soil groups. World soil maps represent a rough plot of the great soil groups and are very similar to maps of climate or vegetation. Soil surveyors map soils on the scale of farm fields or parts of counties. Usually only one of the great soil groups will be present. The units used, ‘soil series’, are a group of soils developed from the same kind of parent material, by the same generic combination of processes, and whose horizons are quite similar in their arrangement and general characteristics. Primary classification: the great soil groups 主要分类： 大土壤群 在全球范围上，大土壤群在土壤分类中是最容易制图划分的。土壤剖面的颜色和条带用来区分大土壤群。全球土壤图表示了一个粗略的大土壤群图，与