chap2-introduction to conduction传热传质.pptVIP

Chap 2 Introduction to conduction Objectives: 1. To develop a deeper understanding of Fourier’s law. What form does it take for different geometries? 2. To develop the general equation, termed the heat equation, which governs the temperature distribution in a medium. temperature distribution determine the heat flux 2.1 The conduction rate equation Origin: Fourier’s law is phenomenological. Evaluating this expression in the limit as ,we obtain for the heat rate or for the heat flux k--the thermal conductivity (w/m.k) Recall that the minus sign is necessary because heat is always transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature. The heat flux is directional quantity. The direction of heat flow will always be normal to a surface of constant temperature, called an isothermal (等温) surface. The heat flux is vector quantity, so the more general statement of the Fourier’s law is as follows: is 3-D del operator and is the scalar(标量) temperature field. An alternative form is where is the heat flux in a direction n,which is normal (perpendicular) to an isotherm. The heat flux vector can be resolved into components such that, in Cartesian coordinates, the general expression is From Equation 2.3,it follows that Each of these expressions relates the heat flux across a surface to the temperature gradient in a direction perpendicular to the surface. 2.2 The thermal properties of matter Transport properties 2.2.1 Thermal conductivity Definition: Thermal conductivity associated with conduction in the x-direction is defined as For an isotropic(各向同性) material: Usually , as illustrated in Fig 2.4. The solid state Accordingly, transport of thermal energy is due to two effects: the migration of free electrons and lattice vibrational waves. For pure metals, is much lager than For alloys,