微生物精品教学（汕头大学）微生物感染的实验室检查五年制.pptVIP

Diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases YanQin Shen shenyq30@ Medical Microbiology Part 1: The diagosis of infectious diseases (bacteria and viruses) Part 2: The prevention of infectious diseases (bacteria and viruses) The general procedures for diagnosis 鲎（hou, 四声） The general principals of diagnosis Keep the lab safe Samples As early as possible, as quickly as possible Aseptic From the right sites of infection Serum: double samples (early phase and recovery phase) Diagnosis: as early as possible Diagnosis for bacterial infection Diagnosis for viruses infection The prevention of infection Disinfection Sterilization Immunization Disinfection（消毒）: killing the pathogen, but not all spores and non-pathogen microorganism Sterilization（灭菌）: killing all microorganism, pathogen, non-pathogen, spores Asepsis（无菌）: the result of sterilization; Aseptic technique Bacteriostasis（抑菌）: suppress the bacteria in vitro or in vivo Antisepsis (防腐): suppress the bacteria in vitro Sanitation(卫生处理)：reduce the pathogens to minimum Physical sterilization Chemical Disinfection The prevention of infection 特异性免疫获得方式 主动免疫 自然主动免疫：患病、隐性感染。 人工主动免疫；接种菌苗、类毒素等。 被动免疫 自然被动免疫：通过胎盘、初乳。 人工被动免疫: 注射抗毒素、丙种球蛋白、细胞因子等。 Common reagents for prevention: vaccine and toxoid vaccine examples advantages disadvantages Killed or inactivated vaccine typhoid, cholera, rabies, measles, influenza Safe Long shelf-life Multiple vaccine Large dosage Humoral immunity only Attenuated live vaccine polio, influenza, measles Small dosage Long last immunity Humoralcellular Immunity Unstable, short shelf-life Infection-like side effect Recombinant carrier vaccine Under study: HAV,HBV Subunit vaccine rHBSAg Reduce endotoxin Reduce reversible mutation Less immunity Nucleic acid vaccine Under study: HIV Cellular and humoral immunity Safety-cancer? Toxoid（类毒素） exotoxin 0.3%-0.4% formalin toxoid toxicity immunogen immunogen Example: 百日咳，白喉；破伤风类毒素 （DPT， 白百破三联疫苗） Artificial passive immunity Antitoxin Antisera immunoglo