语言学导论第三章.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Morphology Preliminaries: Q: What is the difference between words and non-words? Divide each of the following words into the meaningful parts it is made up of. activity, teacher, creation; letters, boy’s; enlarge, dislike; taken, talking, ended; interesting, careful, friendly; sooner, quickest; morphology 形态学--- the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed *A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. e.g. fine /fain/ (sound) good (meaning) It is fine today. (syntactic function) (1) classification of words 1.open class words and closed class words: open class: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs closed class: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns 2.Grammatical words and lexical words (function words and content words) 3.word class (parts of speech) (2) morpheme 词素/语素/形位--- the minimal unit of meaning e.g. boyish---boy + -ish beautiful---beauty + -ful unfair---un- + fair dislike---dis- + like allomorph语素变体---the alternate shape or phonemic forms for a morpheme e.g. a book, an apple e.g. teacher, actor e.g. impossible, incorrect, illegal, irresponsible e.g. maps [s] dogs [z] watches [iz] mice [ai] oxen [n] teeth [i:] sheep 1) free morphemes vs. bound morphemes: 1. free morphemes 自由语素(i.e.morphemes that can stand alone) e.g.boy, girl, act, teach, good, nice, in, a, the 2. bound morphemes粘着语素 (i.e.morphemes that cannot stand alone) A. prefix: e.g.un-, im-, dis-, re-, en-, B. suffix: e.g.-ly, -ful, -ive, -ness, -tion,-or, -ity, 2)derivational and inflectional morphemes: 1. derivational morphemes派生语素: When they are conjoined to other morphemes/words, a new word is derived. A. word class changed: length+-en fool+-ish pay+-ee rapid+-ity exact+-ly accept+-able B. word class unchanged: non-+smoker ex-+president il-+logical profit+-eer tall+-ish 2. inflectional morphemes屈折语素: bound morphemes that are pur