语言学第三章chapter.pptVIP

河南大学外语学院 马应聪 英语语言学：第3章 英语语言学：第3章 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism) 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 3.1 Introduction Definition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking Types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc. Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 Stem A stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: work\shops 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy 河南大学外语学院 马应聪 Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of wor