生态学课件MPPT.ppt

M1 生活史;病毒变异;An organism’s life history is its lifetime pattern of growth and reproduction. The observed in the life history patterns of different species is vast. Some species live for hundreds or even thousands of years, some grow to vast sizes whilst other are minute. Some produce many, tiny offspring whilst others have few, relatively large offspring. How these differences evolve is a key question in ecology.;能量分配和 “权衡”;It is not possible for an organism to reach a large adult size shortly after birth, produce many large offspring and live to a great age. Energy allocated to one aspect of life history cannot be spent in another, so ‘trade-offs’ between different traits are inevitable.;生 殖 价;The reproductive value (RVx) of an individual of age x is the number of offspring that individual is expected to produce in the immediate future plus those expected over its remaining lifespan. The reproductive value of an individual inevitably rises after birth and falls towards old age. The difference in reproductive values between individuals provides a powerful predictor of life history strategy.;生境分类;In addition to the concepts of г- and к-selection, there a variety of schemes which classify habitats in an attempt to discern a pattern linking habitats and life histories. Habitats may be classified on the basis of the balance of benefits between growth and reproduction, into ‘high-cost-of-reproduction’ and ‘low-cost-of-reproduction’. An alternative approach, ‘bet-hedging’, considers the impact of the habitat on the relative variability of mortality or fecundity for different growth stages and uses this to predict optimal life history strategies. Grime’s ‘CSR triangle’ classifies habitats from a perspective of plant life history, using the degree of habitat disturbance (or stability) and its severity to plants.;滞育和休眠;Many organisms undergo a delay in development at some stage in their life cycle, such as seed diapause or implantation delay in a red deer embryo. This stra