电路原理经典版课件第七章.ppt

第七章 一阶电路 (First-Order Circuits ) 主要内容 动态电路的方程和初始条件 一阶电路的零输入响应 一阶电路的零状态响应 一阶电路的全响应 一、动态电路的方程和初始条件 The analysis in this section is applicable to any circuit that can be reduced to an equivalent circuit comprising a resistor and a single energy-storage element (inductor or capacitor). Such a circuit is first-order because its behavior is described by a first-order differential equation. When analyzing RC and RL circuits, one must always keep in mind that the capacitor is an open circuit to steady-state dc conditions while the inductor is a short circuit to steady-state dc conditions.  The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay by a factor of 1/e or 36.8 percent of its initial value. The time constant of an RL circuit equals the equivalent inductance divided by the Thévenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent inductor. The time constant of an RL circuit equals the equivalent capacitance divided by the Thévenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor. Capacitive voltages and inductive currents are continuous; that is, they have the same value at t=t0- and t=t0+. Where t=t0- denotes the time just before a switching event, and t=t0+ is the time just after the switching event, assuming that the switching event takes place at t=0. 在开关闭合瞬间，电容电压不能跃变，由此得到 已知电容电压uC(0-) =6V。t=0闭合开关，求t 0的电容电压和电容电流。 例1 解 将连接于电容两端的电阻网络等效于一个电阻，其电阻值为 得到图(b)所示电路， 其时间常数为 由 得到 RL电路的零输入响应 电感电流原来等于电流 I0，电感中储存一定的磁场能量，在 t=0 时开关由1端倒向2端，换路后的电路如图(b)所示。 电路如下图 (a) (b) 换路后，由KVL得 代入电感VCR方程 得到以下一阶线性齐次微分方程 这个微分方程其通解为 代入初始条件iL(0+)=I0求得 令　　　 ，则电感电流和电感电压的表达式为 RL放电电路的波形 0 t uL -RIS 0 t iL I0 电压、电流是随时间按同一指数规律衰减的函数； 响应与初始状态成线性关系，衰减快慢与τ有关； ? 大 → 过渡过程时间长 ? 小 → 过渡过程时间短 电路如图所示，K合于①已很久， t=0 时K由① 合向②，求换路后的 换路前电路已稳定，由换路定律可得： 例1 解 从L两端视入的等效电阻为 换路后电路为零输入响应． 时间常数为： i 1 L Ω u L i 2 Ω 3 Ω 6 Ω 4 6 H i L + – uL Ro 零输入响应为： 小结 一阶电路的零输入响应是由储能元件的初值引起的 响应, 都是由初始值衰减为零的指数衰减