(给水排水工程)Unit 01 Introduction.ppt

The importance of water supply and sanitation provisions was recognized centuries ago in ancient civilizations. 给水排水设备的重要性在古代文明的前数百年中就为人们所认识。 Archaeological evidence shows the existence of latrines and drains in Neolithic dwellings and the Minoan civilization in Crete 2000 years B. C. had clay water and sewage pipes with flushing toilets in the houses. 考古资料表明新石器时代的居室里安装有厕所及排水道；公元前２０００年的克里特岛的米诺斯文明时期，民居中修建了陶土给排水管道和抽水马桶。 The Romans had highly developed water supply and drainage systems and their cities used large amounts of water with continuously operating fountains being a major source of supply for the majority of the population although wealthy families had their own piped supplies. 罗马人建造了非常发达的给排水系统，他们的城市使用连续作业的喷水池作为主要供水水源，为大多数居民提供饮用水，而有钱人家则使用自家安装的管道供水。 With the demise of the Roman Empire most of their public works installations fell into disuse and for centuries water supply and sanitation provisions were virtually non-existent. 随着罗马帝国的灭亡，他们建造的大部分市政工程设施被废弃了。几百年中，几乎没有任何给排水设施。 In the Middle Ages, towns started to develop at important crossing points on rivers and these rivers usually provided a convenient source of water and an apparently convenient means of waste disposal. 中世纪时期，在河流的重要交汇处，城镇发展起来了，这些河流通常成为取之便利的水源，又是排污纳废的好去处。 Although sewers were built in the larger towns they were intended solely for the removal of surface water and in the UK the discharge of foul sewage to the sewers was forbidden by law until 1815. 尽管较大的城镇里修建了下水道，但主要用于排除地面水。特别是英国，在1815年以前，法律规定禁止把污水秽物排人下水道。 Sanitary provisions were usually minimal: in 1579 one street in London with sixty houses had three communal latrines. 那时卫生设备只是凤毛麟角而已：例如，在1579年，伦敦某街六十幢房屋共用三个厕所。 Discharges of liquid and solid wastes from windows into the street were common and it is not surprising that life expectancy was less than half the current figure in the developed world. 从窗户向大街上泼污水扔垃圾司空见惯。所以毫不奇怪，当时人们的平均寿命还不到月前发达国家寿命的一半。 In an attempt to improve marters a law was passed in 1847 which made it obligatory in London