3 lexicon morphology 语言学导论课件.ppt

Chapter Three Lexicon 1. What is word? A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A vague definition. Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations. 1.1 Three senses of “word”词的三种含义 A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg Phonological: Orthographic[ .?:θ?gr?fik ] : It is wonderful. Three words are recognized. However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes: Phonological: Orthographic: It’s wonderful. Are they two words or three? A set of forms: general term+specific term walk, walks, walking, walked How many words are there? 1 words: general term 4 words: specific term I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven. How many times did the word “have” occur? A lexical item or a lexeme A lexical item词条 is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme 词素WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, written A grammatical unit: hierarchical scale级阶 sentence clause phrase word Morpheme语素 Problem: blackboard Black and board are both morpheme and word But friendly friend is both morpheme and word, but ly is only morpheme not word. 1.2 Identification of words Stability稳定性: stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair Sentence can be rearranged. P57. 3-4 Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ... A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. --What is missing in a sentence such as Dog is barking? --A. 1.3 Classification of words Variable vs. Invariable Words: Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote, written;