CHAPTER 6 Unemployment 宏观经济学 教学课件.pptVIP

生活中的不幸 一位经济学教授在他的办公室门上写了一条告示：“学习经济学并不能保证你不失业，但等到你失业时，经济学会告诉你为什么会失业。” Chapter objectives The natural rate of unemployment: what it means what causes it understanding its behavior in the real world 目录 1. 自然失业率 2. Frictional unemployment 2.1 摩擦性失业的原因 2.2 公共政策的效应 3. 工资刚性引致的失业 4. 本章小结 Natural Rate of Unemployment Natural rate of unemployment: the average rate of unemployment around which the economy fluctuates. In a recession, the actual unemployment rate rises above the natural rate. In a boom, the actual unemployment rate falls below the natural rate. U.S. Unemployment, 1960-2003 A first model of the natural rate Notation: L = # of workers in labor force E = # of employed workers U = # of unemployed U/L = unemployment rate Assumptions: 1. L is exogenously fixed. 2. During any given month, s = fraction of employed workers that become separated from their jobs, f = fraction of unemployed workers that find jobs. The transitions between employment and unemployment The steady state condition Definition: the labor market is in steady state, or long-run equilibrium, if the unemployment rate is constant. The steady-state condition is: Solving for the “equilibrium” U rate f ?U = s ?E = s ?(L –U ) = s ?L – s ?U Solve for U/L: (f + s)?U = s ?L so, Example: Each month, 1% of employed workers lose their jobs (s = 0.01) Each month, 19% of unemployed workers find jobs (f = 0.19) Find the natural rate of unemployment: policy implication A policy will reduce the natural rate of unemployment only if it lowers s or increases f. Why is there unemployment? If job finding were instantaneous (f = 1), then all spells of unemployment would be brief, and the natural rate would be near zero. There are two reasons why f 1: 1. job search 2. wage rigidity Job Search Frictional Unemployment frictional unemployment: caused by the time it takes workers to search for a job occurs even when wages are flexible and there are enough jobs to