Lecture 7 Determiners (II) Articles 英语语法教学课件.ppt

Lecture 7 Determiners (II) — Articles Generic and specific reference 1) Generic reference Generic and specific reference 1) Generic reference Generic and specific reference 2) Specific reference Generic and specific reference In the case of indefinite specific reference, the person or thing referred to is also a specific object, but is not definitely identified. This kind of referential meaning is most commonly expressed by the indefinite article. In certain contexts and situations the zero article can perform the same function, eg: Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference 1) Anaphoric reference Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference Cataphoric reference is also a kind of definite specific reference. The word cataphoric means “pointing forward”. When the referential meaning of the definite article is determined by what follows the article and the head and the article has to point forward for its own interpretation, that is cataphoric reference. The cataphoric use of the definite article is called “cataphoric THE”, eg: Anaphoric, cataphoric and situational reference Situational reference is a kind of definite specific reference that depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer or on a specific situation in which the reference is made clear. Situational reference is most commonly denoted by the definite article, but in certain situations the same function can also be performed by zero, eg: Articles in use with different classes of noun 1) Articles in use with the proper noun Articles in use with different classes of noun 1) Articles in use with the proper noun Articles in use with different classes of noun 1) Articles in use with the proper noun Articles in use with different classes of noun 1) Articles in use with the proper noun Articles in use with different classes of noun 1) Articles in use with the proper noun Articles in use with different class