研 Unit 2 Rigidity and Suppleness 英汉对比与翻译 研究生 教学课件.pptVIP

Unit 2  Rigidity and Suppleness刚性与柔性 English sentence structure is composed of noun phrase (s) and verb phrase (s). It has become an invariable rule to have a subject before a verb, and therefore a sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject (s) must agree with the predicate verb (V) in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一致) forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns：SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC: SV (主语+动词) The meeting has begun. SVP (主语+动词+表语) We are students. SVO (语+动词+宾语) The news surprised me. SVoO (主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) She sang us a song. SVOC (主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语) We elected him our monitor. English sentences can be summarized as these five patterns or their variants (变式), expansion (扩展), combination (组合), omission (省略), or inversion (倒装). Variants: interrogative, negative, and passive; “There be + subject”. (2) Expansion: adding modifiers, including words, phrases, and clauses; using phrases or clauses instead of words as the members of the basic patterns. (3) Combination: combining simple sentences into compound or compound-complex sentences. (4) Omission: omitting certain members of the sentence. (5) Inversion: inverting the word order of the sentence. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain grammatical constrain. Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. Varied often optional subject of a Chinese sentence: (1) 我们盖了一栋房子。 (施事主语) We built a house. (2) 房子盖好了。 (受事主语) The house has been built. (3) 房子盖在西院。 (受事主语) The house was built in the western campus. (4) 西院盖了一栋房子。 (地点主语) The house was built in the western campus. (5