语言学chapter11.ppt

Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition Second Language Acquisition ---- formally established itself as a discipline around the 1970s, refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. Contents L1 and L2 acquisition: differences Contrastive analysis Error analysis Interlanguage short forms L1: first language L2: second language NL: native language TL: target language IL : interlanguage LA: language acquisition L1A: first language acquisition L2A: second language acquisition (SLA) LL: language learning FLL: foreign language learning LT: language teaching FLT: foreign language teaching EFL: English as a foreign language ESL: English as a second language Connections between first language acquisition and second language acquisition The first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning (Littlewood, 1986). SLA is different from first language acquisition. Interlanguage L1 and L2 acquisition: differences Knowledge of a language: L2-learners already have a language in place. Age: L2-learners are older than L1-learners Ultimate attainment: In the absence of impairment or deprivation, all children succeed in acquiring their L1. But many L2-learners fail to acquire their L2 fully. Explicit instruction: Children aren’t taught their first language. But many L2-learners do receive explicit instruction about the L2 grammar. Contrastive analysis (CA) (1960s) Charles Fries, one of the leading applied linguists, said: The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned, carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner.(Fries 1945: 9) Based in behaviorist thinking: ·????? SLA seen as the development of a new set of habits ·????? Positive vs. Negative transfer (of habits) Behaviorism: the role of L1 for SLA Behaviorism: language as a set o