表面化学Low Energy Electron Diffraction ( LEED ).pptVIP

Techniques for studying surface structureLow Energy Electron Diffraction ( LEED )  Basic Theory of LEED By the principles of wave-particle duality, the beam of electrons may be equally regarded as a succession of electron waves incident normally on the sample. Wavelength, l = h / p ( where p - electron momentum ) Now , p = m?v = (2mEk )1/2 = (2m ? e ? V)1/2 Where, m - mass of electron [kg], ?v - velocity [m/s], ?Ek - kinetic energy,?e - electronic charge,?V - acceleration voltage ( = energy in eV ) = Wavelength, l = h / ( 2m.e.V )1/2 one dimensional (1-D) chain of atoms Qualitatively : where the diffraction pattern is recorded and analysis of the spot positions yields information on the size, symmetry and rotational alignment of the adsorbate unit cell with respect to the substrate unit cell. Quantitatively : where the intensities of the various diffracted beams are recorded as a function of the incident electron beam energy to generate so-called I-V curves which, by comparison with theoretical curves, may provide accurate information on atomic positions. (information of 3-d structure) Reciprocal net The reciprocal vectors are related to the real space unit cell vectors by the scalar product relations : a1?.?a2* = a1*?.?a2 = 0 and a1?.?a1* = a2?.?a2* = 1 Derive the surface structure from LEED pattern Define the vectors a1 and a2 for reciprocal lattice. Plot two lines ?? and ?? perpendicular to a1 and a2, respectively. Plot two lines ?’?’ and ?’?’ parallel with ?? and ??, respectively. The distances of ??’ and ??’ are d10 (d10=R?/d10*) (50) and d01(d01=R?/d01*). Wood’s notation Woods notation is the simplest and most frequently used method for describing a surface structure. The common expression is M(hkl)(n?m)R?? Where M is the symbol for element, (hkl) is Miller index, R means rotation, ?? is the rotation angle, n,m are defined as following equations. Example Exercise Fig (a) shows the LEED pattern of clean W(100) surface. Fig (b)