C.elegans and microRNAs （线虫和microRNAs )PPT.ppt

C. elegans as a Model System;Developed by Sydney Brenner (1963) Mutants published by Brenner (1974) 1976 postembryonic cell lineages determined (Sulson and Horwitz) 1983 complete embryonic cell lineages determined (Deppe et al., Sulson et al.) 1982 Programmed cell death (Horwitz et al.) Nobel Prize Brenner, Sulson, Horwitz 2002 1986 Complete connectivity of nervous system established (White et al.) The mind of a worm” 1991-98 RNAi and miRNA discovered in worms. Nobel Prize: Fire, Mello 2006 1998 First animal genome sequenced (97Mb, now 100.3Mb). This is about 1/30 the size of the human genome (3 Gb). C. elegans have about 17,500 genes, about half that of humans (30,000-40,000 genes). First animal to be sequenced! Knowing the sequence allows genes of interest to be easily cloned. Also it opened opportunity for reverse genetic approach.;C. (Caenorhabditus) elegans;;C. Elegans morphology;Life cycle of Caenorhabditis elegans; The most important and incredible advantage of worms is that every worm has the exact same number of somatic cells! Hatching larva=558 cells Males (XO)=1031 somatic cells+ ~1000 sperm Hermaphrodite (XX)= 959 somatic cells+ ~2000 eggs and sperm. Somatic cells arise by an INVARIANT cell lineage. The divisions are invariant in pattern, timing, and orientation of each division. ;Here it is: C. elegans cell lineage ;Postembryonic cell lineage was completed first.;Cell divisions. Sequential photographs of an L1 hermaphrodite, lateral view; Nomarski optics vcn, ventral cord neurons. 0 min, interphase; 16 and 21 min, P10 prophase; 24 min, P10 metaphase; 26 min 10 anaphase; 27 mm, P10 telophase; 29 min, P9 prophase; 33 and 34 min, P9 metaphase. ;Founder cell derivation by asymmetric cell division and inductions;How are invariant lineages established and maintained?;Asymmetric cell division;Early inductions P2-EMS;E;Cell death can be a genetically programmed cell fate.;Genetics of Program