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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. SC-17, NO. 6, DECEMBER 1982 969
,
Special Papers
MOS Operational Amplifier Design—
A Tutorial Overview
PAUL R. GRAY, FELLOW, IEEE, AND ROBERT G. MEYER, FELLOW, IEEE
(ZnvitedPaper)
Abstract-This paper presents an overview of current design tech- In Section II, the important performance requirements and
niques for operational amplifiers implemented in CMOS and NMOS
objectives for operational amplifiers within a monolithic ana-
technology at a tutorial level. Primary emphasis is placed on CMOS
log subsystem are summarized. In Section III, the perfor-
amplifiers because of their more widespread use. Factors affecting volt-
age gain, input ,noise, offsets, common mode and power supply rejec- mance of the basic two-stage CMOS operational amplifier
tion, power dissipation, and transient response are considered for the architecture is summarized. In Section IV, alternative circuit
traditional bipolar-derived two-stage architecture. Alternative circuit approaches for the improvement of particular performance a
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