国外社会心理学1课件12.ppt

Chapter 12 Groups and Individuals: The Consequences of Belonging Groups and Individuals Groups: Why We Join…And Why We Leave Effects of the Presence of Others Coordination in Groups: Cooperation or Conflict? Perceived Fairness in Groups Decision Making by Groups Groups Group—collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit (entiativity) to some degree Some common characteristics Frequent interaction Group is considered important Shared goals Members are similar to each other Groups Some basic aspects Roles—set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform Status: position or rank within a group Norms—rules within a group indicating how its members should (or should not behave) Cohesiveness—forces that cause group members to remain in the group Influenced by: Status within the group; effort needed to become a group member; existence of competition; size of group Groups Benefits of joining groups Gain self-knowledge Boost one’s status Status is more important to people who seek group membership as a way to increase self-enhancement (versus self-transcendence). Accomplish social change Costs of joining groups Membership often limits personal freedom Groups make demands on members that must be met Members may disapprove of group’s policies Disapproval and the belief that the group and its members have changed significantly can result in withdrawal from the group. Groups What are your thoughts? What are potential consequences of internalizing the roles that groups assign their members? Is good cohesiveness always a good thing? Why or why not? What are additional benefits of joining groups? Are there other costs of group membership? If so, what are they? Why do some people risk their lives to join a group? Effects of the Presence of Others Social Facilitation—effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others Presence of others can either result in better or impaired t