2-2地史学-沉积古地理学.ppt

Chapter 2 Sedimentary paleogeography-2 2.1 concepts and law 2.2 sedimentary-facies indicators 2.3 sedimentary environments 2.2 Sed. facies indicators Types of facies indicators Biologic indicators body fossils Modern distribution of major fossilizable invertebrate and algae in relation to depth of sea. After Heckel (1972) Modern distribution of major fossilizable invertebrate and algae in relation to salinity. After Heckel (1972) Relationship between faunal diversity and salinity Reefs Lagerst?tte: ammonite, trilobites, dinosaur, Eurypterus, fish, plant, Kueichousaurus hui Yang, Nautilus Example-1 In-situ ? Modern beach, E. Australia In-situ preservation of graptolites? Muddy sandstone with brachiopods, bivalves and bryozoans ; P2, Broughton Fm. NSW, Australia Trace fossils: traces and remains left by organism’s action through time Characters of trace fossils 1 Preservation in situ 2 Often occurring in strata without/few body fossils and other sed. structures 3 Long distribution in time 4 Trace fossils are rarely associated with tracemakers who make them 5 A tracemaker can produce various kinds of traces and different traces can be produced by one tracemaker. 一物多迹 The same burrow may be differently preserved in different substrates 多物一迹 Non-preservation of causative organisms Trace fossils’ values1 reconstructing paleoenviron.2 reconstructing palecommuni.3 unlocking origin and evolution  of metazoan4 stratigraphic correlation 1 Reconstructing paleoenvironments 2 Reconstructing behavior and Ethology General form Details of the burrow boundary 3 Metazoan evolution showed by trace fossils 4 Stratigraphic division Biologic indicators Cruziana Coprolites Chondrites Zoophycos Rosselia-bivalves-dropstones from the Permian Snapper Point Fm,Warden Head, Sydney Basin Association of trace fossils and their environmental significance Crosscutting tiering Crosscutting relationships tiering Present stromatolites, Shark Bay, Australia Stromatolite