[文学]03语言学.ppt

英语语言学导论课程课件 课件名称：词汇 制 作 人：外国语学院 王敏霞 Chapter 3 Lexicon Purpose of teaching: Make students familiar with the definitions of “word”, the formation of words and the changes of word Focal points of teaching:How words are formed and how words may change What is word Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written Three senses of “word”: A physically definable unit（自然的有界限的对立单位）: Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks. Phonological and orthographic(书写上) Problem: When liaison and contracted form occur 2) The common factor underlying a set of forms(是支配一组形式的共同因素): boy, boys; check, checks, checked, checking Lexeme(词位): the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts，e.g. boy and check What is word writewrite, writes, wrote, writing, written fatfat, fatter, fattest In this sense, word may be used both as general term and as specific terms. 3) A grammatical unit(词是一个语法单位): sentence—clause — word group/phrase —word —morpheme Problem: free morphemes or words: black, bird, air, craft, town, hall Identification of words: Stability(稳定性): the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged chairman﹡manchair The chairman looked at the audience. / The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对连续性): New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Identification of words disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates. 3) A minimum free form(最小的自由形式): first suggested by Leonard Bloomfiled Sentencethe maximum free form Wordthe minimum free form, the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance. e.g. Is Jane coming this evening? Possibly. Hi, Darling, Shit Dispute: Not all word-like units would satisfy this criterion a, the What is missi