[所有分类]计算机网络ch9.ppt

第九章网络应用 主要内容 9.1 应用层概述 9.2 客户/服务器模型 9.3 域名服务 9.4 简单网络管理协议SNMP 9.5 网络安全 9.6 电子邮件 9.7 WWW 9.8 文件传输协议FTP 9.1 应用层概述（1） Application: communicating, distributed processes running in network hosts in “user space” exchange messages to implement app e.g., email, file transfer, the Web Application-layer protocols one “piece” of an app define messages exchanged by apps and actions taken user services provided by lower layer protocols 9.1 应用层概述（2） 应用层术语 A process is a program that is running within a host. Within the same host, two processes communicate with interprocess communication defined by the OS. Processes running in different hosts communicate with an application-layer protocol A user agent is an interface between the user and the network application. Web:browser E-mail: mail reader streaming audio/video: media player 9.1 应用层概述（3） API: application programming interface defines interface between application and transport layer socket: Internet API two processes communicate by sending data into socket, reading data out of socket Q: how does a process “identify” the other process with which it wants to communicate? IP address of host running other process “port number” - allows receiving host to determine to which local process the message should be delivered 9.1 应用层概述（4） What transport service does an app need? Data loss some apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss other apps (e.g., file transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer Bandwidth some apps (e.g., multimedia) require minimum amount of bandwidth to be “effective” other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever bandwidth they get Delay some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” Transport service requirements of common apps 9.2 客户/服务器模型（1） 基本概念 客户/服务器模型是所有网络应用的基础。客户/服务器分别指参与一次通信的两个应用实体，客户方主动地发起通信请求，服务器方被动地等待通信的建立。 9.2 客户/服务器模型（2） 客户软件 任何一个应用程序当需要进行远程访问时成为客户，这个应用程序也要完成一些本地的计算； 一般运行于用户的个人计算机上； 向服务器主动发起通信请求； 可以访问多个服务器，但一次只能访问一个； 不需要特殊的硬件和复杂