[经济学]国际经济学第三章.pptVIP

Carbaugh, Chap. 3 International EconomicsBy Robert J. Carbaugh9th Edition Chapter 3: International Equilibrium The Basic Theory Using Demand and Supply Demand Determinations of consumer demands Preferences, Price of the product, Income The demand curve slope downward. The responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price depends on the slope of the demand curve—that is, the price elasticity of demand Consumer Surplus Consumer Surplus: the increase in the economic well-being of consumers who are able to buy the product at a market price lower than the highest price that they are willing and able to pay for the product. 消费者剩余：用比消费者为某商品愿意并且能够支付的最高价格更低的市场价格来购买该商品所获得的经济福利。 –It measures the amount a consumer gains from a purchase by the difference between the price he actually pays and the price he would have been willing to pay. –Graphically, it is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price. Consumer Surplus Supply The determinations of supply: Price of the products, Costs (of producing and selling) The supply curve slopes upward The responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in market price depends on the slope of the supply curve—that is, the price elasticity of supply Producer Surplus Product surplus —the increase in the economic well-being of producers who are able to sell the product at a market price higher than the lowest price that would have drawn out their supply. 生产者剩余就是生产者以比他们愿意接受的最低价格更高的市场价格销售商品所获得的经济福利。 –It measures the amount a producer gains from a sale by the difference between the price he actually receives and the price at which he would have been willing to sell. –Graphically, it is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price. Producer Surplus A National Market with No Trade Two National Markets and the Opening of Trade Free Trade Equilibrium If there are no transport costs or other frictions, free trade results in the two countries having the same