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Upjohn公司在新产品开发过程中的风险管理[文献翻译]
毕业论文(设计)外文翻译
Managing the risk aspects of the product development process at the Upjohn Company
The aim of this paper is to describe an innovative practice that has implication for new product developers within and outside the pharmaceutical industry.
W.E. Upjohn, a physician practicing in the city of Kalamazoo, Michigan in the late 1800s, founded the Upjohn Company. The local population included a number of followers of the Seventh Day Adventist faith, whose beliefs discourage meat eating. As a result, there were significant health issues related to iron deficiency anemia. To remedy the situation, the physician started to compound “iron” pills to provide the important mineral to his patients who had to rely on vegetablesources.
The pills were not Dr Upjohn’s primary focus and he assigned the “pill-rolling” operation to one of his brothers who implemented sound business practices and hired a sales force. Within several years, the operation spawned a number of competitors. One finding startled the brothers. Some iron pills on the market were so hard that a man wielding a hammer could pound them into a soft pine board. The pills passed through the body without being absorbed. It became a standard technique to arm salespeople with hammers, boards, and competitor’s pills and demonstrate their hardness. In contrast, the Upjohn Company’s pills could be crushed to a powder by a salesperson’s thumb. That demonstration vitalized the company’s devotion to purity and quality.
In many industries, the level of devotion to product quality would be sufficient to insure success. For example, the Federal Trade Commission and the Consumer Product Safety Commission regulate most products and their safety. These agencies have limited enforcement powers and in egregious cases of dangerous products can do little more than sue, warn the public and negotiate a product recall.
However, in drug industries worldwide, government regulation is often intense. In the USA, the Food and Drug Adm
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