[教育学]Chapter 4 economy2.ppt

CONTENT Causes *Supplementary note: In the 17th C., trade between Britain and India started, which was undertaken by a trading company called the East India Company. In 1813, Britain took over the company. At that time, the company controlled nearly all the official and administrative work in the whole sub-continent of India. Then the British Empire’s rule began. In 1947, India, “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence. So the UK lost the largest resource of raw materials and a big market for its goods. Causes 3) military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s) --- [It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NATO and UN Security Council).] Causes 4) lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products (Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected. It continued with its older factories and pre-war products. While the main losers in the war, Germany and Japan, had to start from nothing, so they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products, which was sufficient.) * low rates of domestic industrial investment; high rate of overseas investment * lack of a close relationship between industry and banks because the UK was the 1st economy to industrialize, and industrial firms grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. So banks looked overseas for investment opportunities. Policies “mixed economy” an economy in which thereis some public ownership as well as privately owned business During the 20th century thegovernment has become involved in the economy through introduction of social welfare policies and laws to regulate industrial relations. Policies (1945-1979) In 1945 the Labor party carried out drastic re