细胞增殖及其调控教学幻灯片讲义.ppt

第十二章 细胞增殖及其调控(cell proliferation and cell-cycle control);细胞增殖 (cell proliferation) 的意义：;第十二章 细胞增殖及其调控(cell proliferation and cell-cycle control);第一节 细胞周期与细胞分裂; 一、细胞周期 (cell cycle);1、细胞周期;细胞周期时相组成;;细胞周期时间;Some Eucaryotic Cell-Cycle Times;S 期;Hours after partial hepatectomy ;G2 期;M 期;3、细胞周期长短测定;4、细胞周期同步化;;人工选择同步化;药物诱导法;5、特异的细胞周期;爪蟾早期胚胎细胞的细胞周期;;酵母细胞的细胞周期;植物细胞的细胞周期;细菌的细胞周期;二、有丝分裂 (mitosis);1、前期 (prophase);1. Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere. ;● 这种染色体由两条染色单体 (chromatid)构成；;;replicated chromosome;;　　间期动物细胞含一个 MTOC，即中心体，在 S 期末，两个中心粒在各自垂直的方向复制出一个中心粒，形成两个中心体。当前期开始时，2 个中心体移向细胞两极，并同时组织微管生长，由两极形成的微管通过微管结合蛋白在正极末端相连，最后形成有丝分裂纺锤体。;;2、前中期 (prometaphase);Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes. Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator. ;MPF;Chromosomes;;;3、中期 (metaphase);Chromosomes are aligned along metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles. ;MT behavior during formation of the metaphase plate. Initially, MT from opposite poles are different in length.;4、后期 (anaphase) ;Centromeres split, and chromatids separate. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles. Spindle poles move farther apart. ;;;5、末期 (telophase);1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles. 2. Chromosomes becomes dispersed. 3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosome clusters. 4. Golgi complex and ER reforms. 5. Daughter cells formed by cytokinesis. ;三、胞质分裂 (Cytokinesis);动物细胞胞质分裂;;;植物细胞胞质分裂;;;四、减数分裂 (Meiosis);1、减数分裂概念与过程;;2、减数分裂的意义;3、减数分裂特点;★ 前期 I 分为细线期、偶线期、粗线期、双线期，终变期等五个阶段；;;a. Electron micrograph of SC of human pachytene bivalent. (K: kinetochore; arrow: recombination nodules); b. Schematic diagram of SC; c. Electron micrograph of SC after treatment with DNase to remove chromasomal fibers. ;Visible evidence of crossing over;;减数分裂 S 期与有丝分裂 S 期长度比较;;;第二节 细胞周期的调控(Cell-Cycle Control);◆ 在适当时候激活细胞周期各时相的相关酶和蛋