发光体材料4.ppt

Radioactive Decay and Half Life Lesson: CRS 1-4 Lesson Objectives Understand radioactive decay Be able to describe types or radioactive decay Sketch radioactive decay schemes Understand secular and transient equilibrium Illustrate sequential radioactive decay schemes Overview of Presentation Definitions of radioactive decay and half life Types of radioactive decay and decay schemes Derivation of equations for half life and mean life Illustration of sequential decay schemes Definition of Terms Radioactivity: denotes spontaneous changes of state in a nucleus that results in the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic or particle radiations Radioactive decay: denotes spontaneous changes of state in a nucleus that results in the formation of a new isotope Half Life: denotes the time required for one-half of a radioactive species to undergo a nuclear transition Nuclear Transitions Nuclear transitions provide mechanisms for a nuclei to obtain their ground states. Nuclear transitions are typically referred to as radioactive decay if a nuclide with a new atomic charge is (Z) produced. In the case of gamma emission, the charge remains the same but the nucleus may reach its ground state. Types of Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Transitions Alpha decay Beta decay Positron Electron capture Internal conversion Gamma emission Alpha Decay In alpha decay an atom with atomic number Z and mass A emits an alpha particle (with Z=2 and A=4) producing a daughter atom with atomic number Z-2 and mass number A-4. Alpha Decay Note that these are nuclear and not atomic masses. Also note that the disintegration energy is split between the kinetic energies of the reaction products. From two particle kinematics it can be shown that where, m, is the mass of He and, M, is the mass of Rn. Alternatively the Q value can be calculated from the energy of the alpha particle. Radium-226 decays directly to the ground state 95 % of the time and emits a 186 keV gamma 5 % of the time. Bet